维度黑客
[?aòa] ??×???·?·¨￡¨Ethnography￡?ê?×?μ?Díμ??aêíD??D??·?·¨￡?μ?ò?óú???ˉè?àà?§?D??μ?í??ˉ?￡′?2￥μ???×???￡¨ethnography of communication￡?ê?′ó???ˉè?àà?§?°é??áó????§?D?Y?ˉ??à′μ?′?2￥?§μ?ò???D?·??§￡??ú′?￡?2?êí??ê?í?àí?aμ?ê??3ò????ˉ?òèoì?3é?±?ù2éó?μ?′?2￥·?ê??￡×üì??μà′￡???×????D??·?·¨??è?ò??-êüμ?°üà¨D???′?2￥?§??μ??§????μ?1?·o1?×￠￡???×????D??·?·¨?′à′óDo?×a±?￡????°?1??óDò????¨??￡?2?1yò?2??°o??±μ???×???ó|??óDè???ì?μ?￡oê×?è￡??üó|??í¨1y?èD′ì?ò°1¤×÷?·?3￡??a?μè?3￡éú??μ?òaò?￡?1?×￠?￠1?1y3ìà′°μê?è?àà?§???°??éíàú???3?±￡???′?￡??üó|??í¨1y??òì????×?μ????ˉoíó?????DD???????Tμ?·-ò?￡???ê???×???×÷??μ?ó???1|μ×￡?2￠±í??????íá?????ˉμ?òaò?oí?÷ì?D?μ?????￡?μúèy￡??üó|???3óè???ˉò???ì?1?μ?òaò??￡
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??×???·?·¨￡¨Ethnography￡?[1] ′ó??ê?×?μ?Díμ??aêíD??D??·?·¨?￡???Dethnoòa???°ò?????×??±?￠?°ò?èoè??±?ò?°ò??????ˉèoì??±[2] ￡???graphyê???í??￠?-??μ?òa??￡??ùò?￡?Ethnographyμ?òao-±?ê??°è?àà?-???±￡?2￠?òê?ò???í?ò?×?èoμ±?Dè????°·??ò?òéú???±?-???￡ò2?íê??μ￡???×????D??ê??ú?èê?ò?????×??òò???í?ì??Dμ?è?μ?éú??·?ê?￡?2￠?a????ó????ˉ?Dμ?è??￠ê??￠ê±?￠μ??￠???÷òò???????￥ó°?ì1y3ì?￡?D????±?D??°3¤ê±??2?ó??±?òò??°ò???ò?μ?·?ì??±·?ê????ˉêy?Y?￡??êó?????-±?μ???????￡?Deê?????è?o?DD?ˉ?￠è?o????￥×÷ó??￠è?o??¨11òaò??￠è?o??óò?ú1êíμè?êìa?￡????μ??ú·￠??????μ?D????￠???μ?￠1?μ?oí?ˉ?úμè￡????òòa′óí?ì??Dμ?3é?±1?μ?￡?à′á??a?aD?D???oí???μè?o?·￠?1oí??±??￡
Wolcott·?????×?????·￠????×????DD?òa??óDè?????·???μ??úèY￡o1.×÷??ê1ó??èê?2￠??óD??2?′?μ????ú;2.×÷??·??yê?μ?De?μ1êê?￡?íeè?ò????μêé??;3.×÷??ì?????é?μ????ˉê??t?°í?ì??Dμ?DD?a;4.×÷???èê???ò???è?è?3￡éú??;5.è???μ???ê?ê??èê?μ??￠·???μ?oí?aêíμ?;6.????°üo??êìa?￡[3]
òaìáD?μ?ê?￡???×????D????êó?á11μ??ˉì?1y3ì????ì?·???￡???·?ó?à?μ???±eê?êμ￡?ê?ò????D????ó?±??D??????μ??￥?ˉD??D??￡??D????Dèòaêμμ?2?ó??￠1?2ì?￠?í???￠?èê?￡??aóD?úóúá??aé??á1y3ìμ??úèY?°D?ê?￡?ò2ó??ˉ??ê?μ?êμ?¤?÷ò??D???Dè?μ?2?í??￡?ùò?óD?§??è??a,×?o?????￡???×????D??ê?ò???2ú?·￡?ò2ê?ò???1y3ì [4]?￡?í2ú?·????￡??üê??D??μ?2ú??￡?μ?Díμ?ò?ò?±?êé3¤?è3ê??￡??í1y3ì????￡??üê??úí?ì??D3¤?úμ?1?2ì￡??-?D????è??′ò?è?μ?1?2ìè???μ?éú???òó?í?ì?3é?±??DDò???ò?μ?·?ì?￡??D??DD?aμ?òaí?oí???ˉ12?íí?ì?μ??￥?ˉ1??μ?￡
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????μ????ˉè?àà?§?ò?íáè?μ?1?ù￡¨Bronislaw Kaspar Malinovski,1884-1942￡?????×????D??·?·¨?ü??óDê?·?D?μ?×÷ó??￡???ú?÷ì????ó?Dμ?ò?èo??ì1μ?éoo÷μo?a?a?°ì???2?à?°2μ??±(Trobriand)??DDá??a?úá??ê(1915-6,1917-8)μ?ì?ò°μ÷2é?￡?íê?3￡?êò?D?ê?·??Tá?μ??êìa￡?±èè??°?????ú????μ?ê±oòê?°???×óμ??????òé??1ê??ò???ú????±?ò??￡??°????·?1×2?ê±ê?°??üêú·??1ê?μ1·???±?íê???è?2???á?μ±μ?è?2?°2￡????ò?1á?×??úμ±μ?μ????ü°×??è?(′??ìê?oí?3??μ?1ù?±)2?°2?￡?aê2?′???ê?a?′?à???ú￡??ü?°?Tá??±μ?ê?￡??í?èéú?1?úèè??óú1?2ìè???μ???ì??ù?1￡????ò3￡2?ó?ì???2?à?°2μ?è?μ?éú2úoíé??áêμ?ù?￠1??′μ±μ?μ?ò?ê?￡???3￡oíμ±μ?è?è￥′òó??￠??ì??￠2??ó?×ê?μ?±í?Y?￡óDê±?í?èéú?1μ±3?°??′μ?μ?ê??t?-3éí?±í￡??1ê??ü??μ?×é?ˉ?￡[6] 2?1y￡?ò2Dí′?ê±￡??íê?????μ?μ÷2é?D??·?·¨2￠??óDò???oü???úμ??????￡è???D′μà￡o?°?ò?′íá??μ?éú??à??ò×??oμ?éú??oü??￡????òà′?μ??ê2?′òa??￡?????μ?éú??o???1·μ?éú??ò??ù?Tá??￡2?1y￡??úó?????μ???íù?D￡??òμ?3?ò????á??￡??ò???ò?ú×?μ?ê?ê?á?è?èùò?μ??-?-?ò??????μ?éú??oíó???oüá??a￡?è?1??ò?ü°??aD????÷???????ˉ??à′μ??°￡??í?áóμóDoüóD???μμ?2?á??￡?ò±?D?ó?D?êμ???òμ?D?D?￡?±?D?°?ó???oí????μ?2?á????ˉ?￠??àí3?à′￡??ò?°?D??μ±μ?????éú???￠é??á±í?óμèμè·???μ?·?·¨?-?-?±[7]
???ú1922?ê3?°?μ????÷ì????óμ?o?o￡???·(Argonauts of the Western Pacific)ò?êé?D￡??íê?1é?éá???×???·?·¨μ?èyì??-?ò￡??′￡o?°ê×?è￡??§??àí?ùμ±è?±?D??3óD???§μ???±ê￡??÷á???′ú??×???μ????μó?×??ò￡???′?￡???ó|μ±??±?á?o?μ?1¤×÷ì??t￡??÷òaê???íêè?éú???úíá??è?μ±?D?TD?°×è??éè?￡?×?oó￡???μ?ê1ó?ò?D?ì?êaμ?·?·¨à′???÷?￠′|àíoío?êμ??μ??¤?Y?±[8] ?￡?íá??μ·ò?1?ù?úì??T2?à??÷μ?èoμoμ?μ÷2é?-?é?????ò??￡?òa′?μ???×???ì?ò°1¤×÷μ???±ê￡?óDèyì??·??￡o1￡?2???×é?ˉ?°?????ˉ113é±?D?ò??èêμ?÷è·μ?′ó?ù??????à′?￡?aò?′ó?ù±?D?ò???ì?μ??￠í3??D?×êá?μ?·?ê?ìá1??￡2￡??aò??ò?üó|ò?êμ?êéú??μ?2??é2a?è·???ò??°DD?aà′3?êμ?￡?a·???μ?×êá?±?D?í¨1y????μ?1?2ì￡?ò??3????×???è???μ?D?ê?à′ê??ˉ￡????a??óD?ü?D?ó′￥íá??è?μ?éú??2?óD?é?ü?￡3￡?ó|μ±ìá1?????×???3?ê??￠ì?êaDeê??￠μ?Dí?μ·¨?￠·??×????oí?×ê?3ìê?μ????ˉ￡?×÷?aó???2?á??ˉ3éoííá??è???é?μ?×êá??￡[9]
?à?è???¤?¨±¤￡¨Donal Carbaugh￡?oíè?àò?¤o￡?1í￠?1￡¨Sally Hastings￡?°???×????D??1é?é?a?????×??￡o[10]
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??×???·?·¨′ó?3??òaò?é??μê?ò????ê?ˉ?D??￡???óD?ê?ˉ?D??μ?Dí?àì??÷￡?è????ˉêy?Yò?èí?têy?Y?a?÷￡??ê??μ???ê?è??￠μ??￠???òì??°μ??úèY￡???2?ò?í3??μ?3ìDòà′′|àí?￡?D??μ??÷ìa2?ê?2ù×÷±???￡??ò?é?¤?ùéè?￠??′e?êìa￡???ê?ì?ì??êìa?ú?????Dμ??′?óD??￡′ó?D?????ó±?éíμ??ü11à′á??aDD?a￡?ía?úμ?òò??ê?′?òaμ?￡??êμ??D?????àó?2?ó?1?2ì?￠é??è·??êμè·?·¨￡??è??è??D?????óμ?êà??￡??μí3μ??í???ù?′μ?μ??￠?ùìyμ?μ?￡?è?oó?óò?·???￡?2￠ò????üμ?êy?Yè??§D￡μ???ê??￠?í???￠D￡?ˉ?￠????μèà′213?￡?òò′??D??·?·¨é?ê??àμ±óDμˉD?μ??￡[12]
è?ítà??1￡¨Willis￡??????¨·?èy?êê±??￡?íê3é???òàí1¤?§?°￡oàí?ˉ?×???à?êè?o?μ?μ?àí?ˉ?×??1¤×÷?·(Learning to Labor: How working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs, 1977)ò?êé￡?ר??1?×￠ìó?§μ?àí?ˉ?×???à?ê?￡ítà??1?ˉ?D?1μ??D??ò?èo′ó??óDê??t???Do￠×óμ?í?ì?￡????ò???????°2??2????êé?±?￠3?éí×?àí?ˉ?×???￠±?′?1??μ?ü?D?￠?ú?????§D￡?D??óD????μ????ˉé?2ê?￡
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′?2￥μ???×???￡¨ethnography of communication￡?ê?′ó???ˉè?àà?§?°é??áó????§?D?Y?ˉ??à′μ?′?2￥?§μ?ò???D?·??§￡??ú′?￡?2?êí??ê?í?àí?aμ?ê??3ò????ˉ?òèoì?3é?±?ù2éó?μ?′?2￥·?ê??￡μ????¤o￡????￡¨Dell Hymes￡?±?ót?a???§?éμ?′′ê?è? [14]￡???è??a′?2￥??×????§°üo?á?á?′óì??÷￡o??ò?￡??üè??ò??×￠òaμ?DèòaD??êμ?μúò?ê?×êá?￡?Dèòa?±?ó??2ìó????ú?é?3±3?°?Dμ?ê1ó?￡?ò??òê?êêo?óúó??????ˉμ??￡ê?￡??aD??￡ê??úμ￥?àμ???ó?·¨?￠??è????￠??×ú?ì?￠???×ê?1??μ?°????àà????μ??D???Dê??T·¨±??òê?μ??￡???t￡??ü±?D?°?ò???é???￡¨community￡?×÷?aó??3￡¨context￡?￡?°?′?2￥?°1?×÷?aò?????ì?à′??DD??2ì￡??a?ù￡?è?o?ì??¨μ?′?2￥?tμà?°·???￡¨code￡?μ?ê1ó???ê?×÷?aé???3é?±?ùòààμμ?12?í×ê?′μ?ò?2?·???·￠?ó×÷ó?μ??￡
?aá???ò?2???μ???×???′?2￥?§μ?êμ?ù￡?o￡?????1ìá3?á?ò???SPEAKING?ò?ü￡?ó?à′??2ìoí·???ò???ó???é????ù2éó?μ?ó????￡ê??￡SPEAKINGê?óé°???ó￠ó?′ê??μ?ê××???×éo???3é￡????a°???′êê?o￡????1é?é3?à′μ?μ÷2é?D?????ú′óê???×???′?2￥?§?D???Dó|??1?×￠μ?°???·????￡?ü??ê?￡o1?￠±3?°￡¨S￡?setting￡?￡?°üà¨???êμ?oíD?àíμ?￡?2?￠è???￡¨P￡?people￡?￡???μ?ê?2?ó???￡?3?￠??μ?￡¨E￡?ends￡?￡?4?￠DD?ˉ′?Dò￡¨A￡?act sequences￡?￡?5?￠?ùμ÷￡¨K￡?key￡?￡?6?￠1¤??￡¨I￡?instrumentality￡?￡???′?2￥?tμà￡?7?￠1?·?￡¨N￡?norms￡?￡?°üà¨DD?ˉ1?·?oí?aêí1?·?￡?8?￠ààDí￡¨G￡?genre￡?￡???′?2￥μ???àà?￡ [15]
??èe?¤·?à???é-￡¨Gerry Philipsen￡?1é?éá?′?2￥μ???×????D??μ???ì??ùéè?￡μúò?ê?í?ò????ˉèoì?μ?3é?±′′?ìá?12?íμ?òaò??￡?????ù2éó?μ?·?????óDò??¨3ì?èμ?12D??￡μú?t￡?è?o?ò??????ˉèoì??úμ?′?2￥??±?D?D-μ÷????????μ?DD?a?￡??????￡?′?2￥DD?a±?D???óDò??¨μ??èDò?ò??DY?μ?￡μúèy￡???μ￥??μ?èoì?à′?μ￡?òaò?oíDD?a??óDì?êaD??￡??????￡??ü??òò???ˉμ?2?í???2?í??￡μú??￡?2?í?èoì?μ?DD?aoí·????￡ê??÷2??àí??￡2???è?′?￡?????èoì??úàí?aì??¨·???oíDD?aê±?ù2éó?μ?·?ê?ò22?í??￡ [16]·?à???é-?ú???￥?ó????2?ò????D×?Teamstervilleμ?1¤è??×??ó???é?????DD3¤?úμ???2ìoó·￠??￡????ùμ?è??ú??DD?μ·t??è?μ?′?2￥???ˉ?D￡?è????à?￥????×???òaμ?′?2￥ê????a?aì??°?a?a2￠2?ê??ú?ùóDμ?3??°?òó???é????D???á?eí?μèμ?×÷ó?￡??ò????±?í?μèμ????μ?￡±èè??ú??ó???é???￡???í¨3é?ê?D×ó?à?￥?????àí¨1yì??°à′??DD1μí¨?￠àí?aó??μ·t￡?òò?a????????μ?μ????à?ü?￡2?1y￡???óú??D?μ???μíóú????μ?è?￡?è??????￠o￠×óò??°ò?D?′ó??à§μ???à′μ??-??μ???2?è?????μ?è?￡??????ò??éù2éó?ì??°·?ê?à′??DD?μ·t￡??à·′￡??????ü?àμ?ê?í¨1yò?D??ˉ×÷??ààμ?·?ó???′?2￥·?ê?à′′?μYD??￠?ò?üá??￡????óú??D?μ?????óú????μ?è?￡?è?×??oμ?é????ò′óò?D????￡μ???à′μ??-??μ?????μ?è?￡?????ò2í??ùoüéù?±?óí¨1yì??°à′??DD?μ·t￡????àμ?ê?í¨1yμúèy??à′′?μY?à1?μ??μ·tD??￠?￡???D???μ?÷￡?í??ùμ?′?2￥êμ?ù?ú2?í?μ?3??°?￠??2?í?μ?èoì?òaò?2￠2?íêè??àí?￡????a??òaò?é?μ?2?òì?éò??μ?÷′?2￥êμ?ù?ù??óDμ??àì?D??￡[17]
1t???1à?oí°￠ì??eé-è??a￡???×????D???°??ê?ò???é??á?D??μ?·?·¨?a?a??1üê?ò???2???3￡μ?·?·¨?￡?a??·?·¨à?ó?á?1?·oμ?D??￠×ê?′?￡??×????§???úoü3¤μ?ò???ê±??à?2?ó?è???μ?éú??￡?????1?2ì·￠éúá?ê2?′ê??é￡???ìyè????μá?D?ê2?′￡?2￠?òìá3??êìa￡?êμ?êé?￡?????ê??úê??ˉò??D?éò?ê??ˉμ?μ?êy?Yà′?aêí?????ù1?D?μ??êìa?￡?±[18] 2éó?′?2￥μ???×????D??·?·¨μ??§????íùíùμ??¨é?ò??êé??áê?êy??μ?ê±??￡?×·×ùò??????¨μ?1?2ìèoì?￡?í?????ò??eéú???￡àyè?￡?oí????ò??e?′μ?êó￡?ì????ú???úèY￡?ì????????′μ?êóμ?·?ê?￡?ò??°μ?êó?ú?òí￥?Dμ?×÷ó?μèμè?￡?D??????ò????éò??ú2??éè?é??á???éò?2?è???·???2ìμ??é????￡??????D?????óμ?ò???ò?DD?￡?aD?2é·?μ??????±±?ê?ò?oó??DD·???μ??-ê?êy?Y￡?2￠íùíù?ú1?2?μ??D??3é1??D?á??′??a???￡
????ì?μ??????ˉμ?ó?í??·?íê?ó￠1ú???ˉ?D???§?é???úμ???×????D???￡′ó20êà?í70?ê′úoó?ú￡???×???μ??D??????1a???ˉóúμ?êóêü?ú￡?3é?aò???μ?Díμ?êü?ú?D???￡2??×?1μ?(Charlotte Brunsdon)oí?aà?(David Morley)?ú1978?ê?ú???ú??ó￠1úμ?êóD????ó???ú?????ù1úé????·￡¨Nationwide￡?μ??D??óDò??¨μ?′ú±íD??￡[19]
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1982?ê??è?àà?§?ê???··￠±í?í???a??(George Marcus)oí?aê2?ü(Dick Cushman)???a?°??×???×÷?a??±??±μ?????￡???????ó????§?ú?à??1êê?μ?1￡??(plot)?￠1?μ?(point of view)?￠D????ˉ(characterization)?￠?úèY(content)oí·???(style)μ???·?oí·???·¨￡?????×???μ?D′×÷·¨??DDè???μ??D???￡????×÷?aò?????êμ?÷ò?μ?×÷?·μ???×???,??óDè???????·???μ?ì?μ?:
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6.μ±μ?è?μ?1???μ?±íê??￡D′ó???μ?×÷?ò?ú?èê????ˉμ?ê±oò￡??á???±?óμ?°?×??oμ?1??DD′3?à′?￡?à±è????￡?è?àà?§??2???òa?μ????D′μ?ê?×??oμ??′·¨￡???×üê??μ?3?′·¨ê?±?μ÷2éé???μ?è?μ???·¨?￡?ú?íá??μ·ò?1?ùê±′ú′?×?·¨μ?±í??ê??÷??μ±μ?è?μ?1????′?a1|?üμ?1???μ??′·¨?￡oóà′,?￥??(Raymon Firth)ê?·???μ÷?°è?μ±μ?è??2?°?±?￡μ?áD???a?1ì?àí?1??à?￡??°μ±μ?è?μ?1?μ??±3é?a??μ??????á11??μ?ò?2?·??￡
7.??ì???2?μ?í??a·¨?￡??è?é??áè?àà?§μ??D??ê??úê±??é?ê?·????Tμ?é??á?D?1?aμ?￡?μ?ê?è?àà?§??×üê???μ÷°???ì?μ?ê?àyí??ò??óDàí??òaò?μ??á??￡?????ì?ê?àyμ??èê?í￡á??ú?ü???ù?ü′ú±í?3???°μ?DíD??±(typicality)é?￡???2￠2???è??ù?D??μ???ì?ê?àyμ????ú?￡?a??×?·¨2???ê1×÷??′ó??êμ?D·?à?3?à′￡????ò?1ê1±??D??μ?é???ó?à?μ?àí??μ??à1?D???ía￡?ê1??×???3é?aó?×÷??oíé????T1?μ???ê??￡
8.ê?ó?μ?èóê??￡?ú′|àí?§ê?ê?ó?ó??èê?μ?1??μê±￡?′?í3??×???×÷??ó?ò?D?ì?±eμ?ê?ó?à′±í??????ê??°×¨?ò?±ò??°ó?ò?°?μ?×÷?òμ?2?òì￡?í?ê±ó?ê?í?±ü?a2éó?ì??àê?ó???ê1????μ??èê???μ?2???êμ?￡òò′?￡?????2?μ?2??úê?ó?oí?èê??????ò?°??oaμ?￡?μ?óDê±3￡3￡á|2?′óD??￡
9.±??D????μ?????oí????μ?×￠?a?￡??×???×÷????±??D?????ùó?μ?·???2?ò??¨óDé?è?μ?á??a￡?óDμ?é??á2￠2?????×?1?μ?′ê???￡?ú??×????D￡?×÷??íùíù±ü??2?ì?×??oμ?ó????üá|?￡?????ú??±??D??±??D????ó?μ??????óò?×￠êí￡?ò?ì???×??oμ?×÷?·μ??°??êμD??±￡?μ?????±??ú2?ìá×??o??±??D????μ?ó???????3ì?è￡??aê1è??3òé????μ??aêíê?·?·?o?êμ?ê?￡[21]
ó?????êμ?÷ò???×???μ???D?????í?ê±￡?è?àà?§??3???ò?1é????×???×÷3?D?êμ?éμ?3±á÷?￡?yè??í???a??oí?aê2?ü?ù??￡??aò?3±á÷μ??ù±?ì?μ?óDèy￡oò?ê?°?è?àà?§??oí????μ?ì?ò°×÷òμμ??-àúμ±×÷??×???êμ?éμ??1μ?oí2?ê?μ??DD?￡??tê?????±?×é?ˉμ?óDòaê?μ?×é?ˉoíò?ê?D?μ??2??￡?èyê?°??D????μ±3é???ˉμ??°·-ò????±￡??????ˉê??ó??DD2?êí?￡??????￡???×???êμ?é2???ê?1?D?è?àà?§??μ??°×?°×?±￡????ò?ü??òaμ?ê?óDòaê?μ???×?éí?ù′|μ????ˉ3?o?oí???ˉ??×2??DD2?ê??￡?a??óDòaê?μ????ˉ·′ó3￡?ò??a??′?μ??aêíè?àà?§(interpretive anthropology)?a?èμ?￡?2￠?÷òa2éó?èy??±íê?D?ê?￡o(1)′?′?òì???ˉμ??-?é￡o??è??￠×??òó??é?D￡?(2)De?μêà??àúê·μ??t???-??1y3ì￡o′óì??μà?μ??é?aé???￡?(3)è?àà?§??1éóú???ˉ?ú?à?￡[22]
?°êμ?é??×????±?aò?????μ?3???￡??aé??áó????ˉè?àà?§?D??μ?è?ê???μ?±?ì?ìá3?ò????μμ?????μ??êìa￡????íê?￡?è?àà?§μ??èê?(?′??×???)μ?μ×ê?óD1??°??àí?±μ?ì?ì??1ê?ò??????§?ò?°1êê??±μ??2ê??êμ?é??×???×÷??oí?à????è??a￡?2?????×???μ??èê?μ????óêü???èμ?????￡???×???μ?D′×÷±?éíò2êü?÷??é??á?a???ˉá|á?μ?ó°?ì?￡ó?êμ?é??×???μ?ìá3?????à??￡μ?(James Clifford)μ??°?μ￡o?°??×???μ?D′×÷?áéùêüè???áù??·???μ????¨￡o(1)′ó3?o?é??2￡???×???ê?é??á3??°μ?2ú??2￠′′?ìé??áòaò?￡?(2)′óDT′????è?′￡???×???ê1ó?±íê?μ?1?ày2￠?a±íê?μ?1?ày?ùà?ó?￡?(3)′ó??ì?·￠éú?§?′￡???×???ò?°?ó?D??μoí??DD??óD2?òì￡?(4)′ó?t??é??2￡?(??×???×÷??μ?)±íê????ˉê?êμμ?è¨ítê?2???μè·???μ?￡????ò2?ê±êüμ?·′2μ￡?(5)′óàúê·μ????è?′￡?é?ê?μ?1?àyoí????òò??ê?2???±??ˉμ??￡?±[23]
??à??￡μ?è??a￡?óéóú??×???μ?′′×÷êüé?ê?1?àyμ?ó°?ì￡?òò′??ü??ê?ò????°2?·???àí?±(partial truth)￡??òé??áê?ò?????×???1êê?(ethnographic fictions)?￡?éò?è??a￡?êμ?é??×???μ?2úéúμ??ù′??íê?????×???μ??°2?·???àí?±μ?è?ê??￡êμ?é??×???×÷??òò?a?′μ???×???êüé??á·??§μ???????é?￡??ùò??÷??è?àà?§???ú??DDé??á?a???ˉ?èê??D?÷?ˉμ?·′ó3é??á·??§￡?2￠?÷?ˉμ?à?ó???×???±í??è?àà?§????òaê?D?ì?μ??ú?àoí????±?ò?ê?oíê??§μ??2???￡′?í3μ?é??áè?àà?§??μ???·?è￥êμê?ì?ò°×÷òμ￡??aμ?ê??ú??à??°?òóD1?è?ààé??áoí???ˉμ????§àí?a￡???êμ?é??×???×÷?òè′????êó′ó??·????ˉ?D?°?ó±????ˉ?ùè±éùμ????ˉD?ê?￡??°??°?·??÷·????ˉμ±3éè?àà???ˉμ??ù±?D?ì?(elementary forms)?óò??D??￡???oó???ò°??ü??μ±3é?÷·????ˉμ?ì?′úD?ì??óò?×e??￡??°??ê?ò???·???(analysis)￡???oó?????ú?°???ˉ?1ê??±(cultural display)?￡òò′?￡?óDè??ú??×???oíêμ?é??×?????????ò?ì?·?????￡?°??°??μ±3é×·?ó?°???§?±μ?è?àà?§￡?°?oó???′3é×·?ó?°ò?ê??±μ?è?àà?§?￡ [24]
×üì??μà′￡???×????D??·?·¨??è?ò??-êüμ?°üà¨D???′?2￥?§??μ??§????μ?1?·o1?×￠￡?μ??aò??D??·?·¨éD?T·¨?a??3¤?úò?à′ê?·?à§è?μ?è?àà?§??μ??êìa￡?[25] ???íê?￡o
??ò?￡??ò??μ?μ×óD??óD°ì·¨è?2???êμμ?·′ó3é??á?a???ˉ??êμoí???à￡??D?????ˉ?÷????é?óúò?éí￡??a??רòμ????2?ê???ò???è????ü??±?μ?￡????ò?D????è?o?è￥3y????oí?¤éè￡?Te3y?°?????￠ê??èá??a￡?ò??í1?à′?aêí?÷1?μ??-?éoí?Dêü￡???óD′y?ìD??D???￡
???t￡?·′ó3á???êμμ????óò?oóó??éò?×÷ê2?′￡??ü2??ü?¨á￠ò?????óDí¨ê?D?μ?àí??ì??μ￡???×??????ú1?2ì×?è?μ??é?3￡??tèó???D￡??|óú?èê?oí·?àà￡?2?×??é?3μ?á￠?′D?oí?2??D?￡?èYò×o?êó1yè￥oí?′à′μ?òò??￡????ò??óú?°D?ó???êà???±μ?·???￡??áóú?D???á1?μ?????￡??Yóú·?àúê·oí·??á11μ?±×???￡??×????D??ê?ò??????è??è??ˉμ?1¤×÷￡??D?????ˉ1?2ì???￠·?ì????￠???????￠·?????μ???é?óúò?éí￡???è??íê?è?2?μ??D??1¤??￡?è±éùí?ì?μ?12í??à??￡??D???á1??àê?μ?·??ˉμ???°??D??￡?ê1ó?×??oμ?2????ü11￡??????D??12í?μ??D???÷ìa￡?ò2′ó2?·?ê??úê?μ?￡??aD?ì??ê??×è°-á?àí??μ??¨á￠?￡
??×????D??·?·¨?′à′óDo?×a±?￡????°?1??óDò????¨??￡?2?1yò?2??°o??±μ???×???ó|??óDè???ì?μ?￡oê×?è￡??üó|??í¨1y?èD′ì?ò°1¤×÷?·?3￡??a?μè?3￡éú??μ?òaò?￡?1?×￠?￠1?1y3ìà′°μê?è?àà?§???°??éíàú???3?±￡???′?￡??üó|??í¨1y??òì????×?μ????ˉoíó?????DD???????Tμ?·-ò?￡???ê???×???×÷??μ?ó???1|μ×￡?2￠±í??????íá?????ˉμ?òaò?oí?÷ì?D?μ?????￡?μúèy￡??üó|???3óè???ˉò???ì?1?μ?òaò??￡[26]
×￠êí￡o
[1] Ethnography1ú?ú?§??óD?à??2?í?μ?ò?·¨￡?è??°??×????§?±?￠?°??×???·?·¨?±?￠?°ì?ò°???±?￠?°è?????·?·¨???±?ò???°???×?§·?·¨???±?￡
[2] 3??ò?÷??￡o??é??á???§?êμ??D???·￡?쨱±￡o????í?êé1???2002?ê°?￡?μú33ò3?￡
[3] Wolcott, F.￡¨1997￡?Ethnography Research in Education. R.M. Jaeger￡¨Ed￡?Complementary Method for Research in Education. Washington￡?DC￡oAERA pp.328.
[4] Wolcott, F.￡¨1997￡?Ethnography Research in Education. R.M. Jaeger￡¨Ed￡?Complementary Method for Research in Education. Washington￡?DC￡oAERA pp.328.
[5] H.Rivers, ?°Report on anthropological research our side America?±,The Present Condition and Future Needs of the Science of Anthropology, Washington, (1913) P6.
[6] í??ú?ú??￡o??·????ˉμ????a?a??×???ó?êμ?é??×???￡????÷±±??×??D???·1996?êμú2?ú￡?μú125-139ò3?￡
[7] Bronislow Malinowski, A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term, London (1967) pp.158-159.
[8] [ó￠]?íáè?μ?1?ù??￡o???÷ì????óμ?o?o￡???·￡??a??3?°?é?2002?ê°?￡?μú4ò3?￡
[9] [ó￠]?íáè?μ?1?ù??￡o???÷ì????óμ?o?o￡???·￡??a??3?°?é?2002?ê°?￡?μú18ò3?￡
[10] ×aòy×?[?à]?1μù·ò?¤à?ì???o2??￡o??è?àà′?2￥àí???·￡?ê·°2±óò?￡????a′ó?§3?°?é?2004?ê°?￡?μú227-228ò3?￡
[11] 2???[ó￠]?íáè?μ?1?ù??￡o???÷ì????óμ?o?o￡???·￡??a??3?°?é?2002?ê°???òy??2?·??￡
[12] http://rec.htps.tp.edu.tw/edumaker/3%AA%C0%B7|/91.03.20%ABU%A5%C1%BBx1.doc í?±ìêí??￡o?×?????D???￡
[13] [°?]Graeme Turner??￡o??ó￠1ú???ˉ?D??μ????·￡?ì?????ò?￡???ì?í?êé3?°?é?2000?ê°?￡?μú196ò3?￡
[14] 1964?ê￡??ú???à1úè?àà?§?ò?·￡¨American Anthropologist￡?μ?ò??úì??ˉé?￡?o￡??????3?￡?μ±ê±ò?′??úμ???è??°??×???ó????§?±￡¨ethnolinguistics￡??°?°é??áó????§?±￡¨socioliguistics￡?μè??3?ò??-?T·¨±í′??aò?D?áìóòμ?è?2??úo-￡?óúê?ìá3?á??°′?2￥??×????§?±?aò?D???3??￡
[15] ×aòy×?3￡?àèù?￠2ì??????￡o??×???·?·¨ó?′?2￥?D??￡???ot??′ó?ú′????°òμ??ê??§?o?·2005?êμú2?ú?￡
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[17] 2ì???￠3￡?àèù??￡o???ˉó?′?2￥?a?a????×???′?2￥μ?àí??ó?·?·¨￡???D???ó?′?2￥?D???·2002?êμú3?ú?￡
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[22] 2????????¤E?¤?í???a??￡??×?a???¤M?¤J?¤·?31????￡o??×÷?a???ˉ?ú?àμ?è?àà?§?a?aò???è????§??μ?êμ?éê±′ú?·￡?í??ú?ú?￠à?′??óò?￡?éú???¤?áêé?¤D??aèyáaêéμê1998?ê°?￡?μú3?￠4?￠5???￡
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[25] í??ú?ú??￡o??·????ˉμ????a?a??×???ó?êμ?é??×???￡????÷±±??×??D???·1996?êμú2?ú￡?μú138ò3?￡
[26] ?????¤E?¤?í???a??￡??×?a???¤M?¤J?¤·?31??￡o??×÷?a???ˉ?ú?àμ?è?àà?§?a?aò???è????§??μ?êμ?éê±′ú?·￡?í??ú?ú?￠à?′??óò?￡?éú???¤?áêé?¤D??aèyáaêéμê1998?ê°?￡?μú47ò3?￡
On Research Method of Communication Ethnography
Wu Fei
(Journalism and Communication College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310028)
Abstract: ethnography is the most typical explanative research method, and it was benefited by the promotion from culture anthropology research. Ethnography of communication is a new branch of communication evolved from culture anthropology and social linguistic study. The author tried to understand the communication method adapted by a certain culture of group members. Generally speaking, although ethnography research method has been focused by scholars from journalism and communication study, it still did not have any changes. Although there is not a clear definition, but a nice ethnography should contain following characteristics: first, it should describe the field working environment, explain the meaning of daily life, focus on micro process to hint anthropology researcher that they have been there by themselves. Second, it should show the linguistic ability of ethnography writers by translating the language and culture of another nation and expressed his meaning to native culture and his controlling to the main body. Third, it should endow culture a meaning of integration.
Keywords: Ethnography, Culture Anthropology, Ethnography of Communication, Research Method
[?eè?±à?- ??à¤]
?a?a??óú???D1ú′???±¨???·(China Media Reports) 2005?êμú4?ú?￡
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